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Lènga tamil Condenute Letterature, Alfabbète • Grammateche • Sociolènguisteche • Curiosità • Note • Vôsce cullegate • Otre pruggette • Collegamende sus a indernette • Menu de navegazionetam TAM 'Illunga' tops ten toughest words that leave translators tongue-tiedm

Lènghe


lènghe dravidicheIndieTamil NaduSri LankaSingaporeFederazione MaleseabugidaagglutinanteSoggette Oggette VerbeThe Times2004suffissecase nominalesanscritenominativeaccusativedativecomitativegenitivestrumendalelocativeablativeprefisseverbeOggette Suggette Verbepronome relativediglossiecatamarano










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Segui progetto.png
Tamil (தமிழ் tamiḻ )
Ccrejate da:
creatore nel anno
Contesto:
contesto
Parlate in:

India, Sri Lanka

Reggione:Parlate in:

Asie meridionale
Periode:
periodo
Crestiane:
74 miglione

Classifeche:
18

Scritture:

Abugida Tamil

Tipologgie:

SOV

Filogenese:

Lènghe dravidiche

 Meridionale

  Tamil-Kannada

   Tamil-Kodagu

    Tamil-Malayalam

     Tamil

      

       

        

         

          

           

            

             

              


Statuto ufficiale
Naziune:

bandiera Indie
bandiera Sri Lanka
bandiera Singapore
Regolate da:

nisciuna regolazione ufficiale
Codece de classificazione
ISO 639-1
ta
ISO 639-2
tam
ISO 639-3
tam  (EN)
SIL
TAM  (EN)
SIL
sil2
Estratte in lènghe

Dichiarazione universale de le deritte de l'uemmene - Art.1
மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும் உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள். அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனசாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.

Il Padre Nostro
மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும் உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள். அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனசாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.

Traslitterazione
Maṉitap piṛaviyiṉar čakalarum čutantiramākavē piṛakkiṉṛaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum urimaikaḷilum čamamāṉavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉačāṭčiyaiyum iyaṛpaṇpākap peṛṛavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar čakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.


Lènga - Elenghe de le lènghe - Lenguistiche





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tamil


'U tamil jè 'na lènga appartenende ad 'a famigghie de le lènghe dravidiche pure ce jè 'a lènga ufficiale d'ô State de l'Indie d'u Tamil Nadu jè parlate pure jndr'ô Sri Lanka, jè une de le quatte lènghe ufficiale de Singapore e jndre 'na minoranze pure jndr'à Federazione Malese.




Condenute





  • 1 Letterature, Alfabbète


  • 2 Grammateche

    • 2.1 Stuezze d'u discorse

      • 2.1.1 Sostandive


      • 2.1.2 Verbe



    • 2.2 Sindasse



  • 3 Sociolènguisteche


  • 4 Curiosità


  • 5 Note


  • 6 Vôsce cullegate


  • 7 Otre pruggette


  • 8 Collegamende sus a indernette




Letterature, Alfabbète


'A letterature tamil jè documentate a partire da le prime sèchele a.C. - 'a prime opere canosciute jè 'u Tolkāppiyam (jndr'ô tamil: தொல்காப்பியம்), 'a cchiù andiche grammateche dope quèdde sanscrite de Pānini (jndr'ô sanscrite: पाणिनि). 'A lènga malayālam (മലയാളം) jè strittamende 'mbarentate a 'u tamil, purcè le dò se sonde distinde da 'u proto-tamil-malayālam a partì da 'u VIII sèchele d.C. cirche.
L'alfabbète tamil (o cchiù correttamende, 'u sisteme de scretture sillabeche o abugida tamil) derive da 'u sisteme de scretture Grantha (jndr'ô sanscrite, ग्रन्थ) e tène 247 lettere.



Grammateche


'U tamil jè 'na lènga de tipe agglutinante d'u tipe Soggette Oggette Verbe (SOV). Le parole sonde comboste da 'na radice aunite a cchiù affisse.


Solitamende, le affisse sonde suffisse, ca pòtene esse de tipe derivazionale (ca cangiane 'u segnefecate de 'na parole) o 'nflessionale (ca indicane 'a persone, 'u numere, 'u mode, 'u timbe, ecc.). Non ge stè 'nu limite a 'u numere de affisse, e quiste pòte purtà ad 'a formaziune de luènghe parole, ca corrispondone a cchiù parole o a 'na frase 'ndere jndr'à lènga tagliàne. Pè esembie, 'a parole pōkamudiyātavarkalukkāka segnefeche "a favore de chidde ca non ge pòtene scè", e conziste de le seguende morfeme:



















































pōka
 
 

muṭi
 
 

y
 
 

āta
 
 

var
 
 

kaḷ
 
 

ukku
 
 

āka
 
 

scè
 
 

combiere
 
 

puNarci
(termine tamil pè 'u sandhi)

 
 

negazione
('mbersunale)

 
 

nominalizzazione
jidde/jedde ca fàce

 
 

plurale
 
 

a
 
 


 
 

Le parole formate cu 'u raggruppamende de cchiù de jedde, sonde assaje spesse difficele da traducere. Jndre 'nu articole de The Times se reporte ca jndr'ô 2004 'a parole tamil செல்லாதிருப்பவர் (sellaathiruppavar), ca segnefeche 'nu certe tipe de assenze 'ngiustifecate d'a scole ('nglise truancy), ere a l'ottave puèste jndre 'na classifeche de le dece parole cchiù difficele da traducere[1].



Stuezze d'u discorse



Sostandive


Le sostandive (e le pronome) sonde classefecate jndre dò super-classe (tiṇai)): le raziunale (dèi, uemmene) e le irraziunale (animali, oggette, cungette astratte).


Le suffisse sonde ausate cu 'na funzione analoghe a le case nominale. Ausanne (forse 'n mode 'mbroprie) 'a terminologgije grammatecale d'u sanscrite e de otre lènghe indoeuropee, alcune grammateche tradiziunale recanoscene almene 8 case: nominative, accusative, dative, comitative, genitive, strumendale, locative e ablative. Comungue, le grammateche muderne conzideranne quèste classefecazione artificiale, purcè ogne suffisse o combinazione de cchiù suffisse jè 'n prateche 'nu case nominale scucchiáte.


Le sostandive tamil pòtene pure tenè une de le seguende quàtte prefisse, i, a, u ed ee, ca equivalgone a le demostrative d'a lènga tàgliane. Pè esembie, 'a parole vaḷi ("vie") pòte devendà ivvaḷi ("quèste vie"), avvaḷi ("quèdde vie"), uvvaḷi ("'a vie medie") e evvaḷi ("quale vie").



Verbe


Accussì cumme pè le sostandive, le verbe tamil pòtene esse coniugate pè mezze de le suffisse. 'Na forme tipiche d'u verbe tamil terrà 'nu certe numere de suffisse, ca stonne a segnefecà l'uemmene, 'u numere, 'u mode, 'u timbe e 'a vôsce, cumme jndre l'esembie aḷintukkoṇṭiruntēn ("me stavane squascianne").


'U verbe tène ttrè timbe semblice (passate, presende, future), indicate da suffisse semblice, e 'na serie de perfette, indicate da suffisse comboste. 'U mode jè 'mblicite jndr'ô tamil, e jè segnalate da le stesse suffisse ca indicane 'u timbe verbale. Quiste indicane se l'azione jè irreale, possibbele, putenziale o reale.



Sindasse


Ad eccezione de le combonimende poeteche, 'u suggètte se iacchie sembre de nnanze a l'oggette, e 'u verbe conclude 'a frase. Quiste jè l'ordene tipeche de le lènghe SOV (Suggette-Oggette-Verbe), pure ce proposizione de tipe Oggette Suggette Verbe (OSV) non ge sonde rare.


Jndr'ô tamil non ge stonne le pronome relative, me cu l'ause de l'agglutinazione se riesce a comunecà ô stesse segnefecate. Pè esembie, 'a frase "Chiame 'u uagnune ca hagghie 'mbarate 'a leziune" avrà da esse tradotte jndr'ô tamil cu "Quèdde-leziune-ca-'mbarate-uagnune chiame".



Sociolènguisteche


'A lènga tamil (jndr'ô tamil: தமிழ்) se caratterizze pè 'na diglossie 'mbrà lènga colloquiale (koduntamil) e lènga formale (centamil).



Curiosità


'A parole catamarano derive da 'u tamil kattu-maram: kattu "legà" + maram "àrvule".



Note



  1. (EN) 'Illunga' tops ten toughest words that leave translators tongue-tied, su timesonline.co.uk, 22-06-2004. URL consultato il 02-10-2008.


Vôsce cullegate


  • Lènghe naziunale de l'Indie

  • Letterature Tamil


Otre pruggette



  • Commons


  • Collabora a CommonsWikimedia Commons tène file multimediali su Lènga tamil


  • Collegamende sus a indernette



    • http://www.tamil.net/projectmadurai/pub/pm0100/tolkap.pdf jè 'u teste d'u Tolkāppiyam


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