Why is the Cauchy Distribution so useful?Why does the Cauchy distribution have no mean?What are the properties of a half Cauchy distribution?Practical applications of the Laplace and Cauchy distributionsWhy does the Cauchy distribution have no mean?Approximation of Cauchy distributionEntropy of Cauchy (Lorentz) Distributionconvergence of Cauchy distributionWhat is the distribution of sample means of a Cauchy distribution?Difference between a Student-T vs Cauchy distributionIs Cauchy distribution somehow an “unpredictable” distribution?

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Why is the Cauchy Distribution so useful?


Why does the Cauchy distribution have no mean?What are the properties of a half Cauchy distribution?Practical applications of the Laplace and Cauchy distributionsWhy does the Cauchy distribution have no mean?Approximation of Cauchy distributionEntropy of Cauchy (Lorentz) Distributionconvergence of Cauchy distributionWhat is the distribution of sample means of a Cauchy distribution?Difference between a Student-T vs Cauchy distributionIs Cauchy distribution somehow an “unpredictable” distribution?






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty
margin-bottom:0;









16














$begingroup$


Could anyone give me some practical examples of the Cauchy Distribution? What makes it so popular?










share|cite|improve this question












$endgroup$










  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I challenge the premise -- is it actually popular as a practical model*? (If it is, how do you know, outside of seeing practical examples already?) ... $:$ *[It's widely used in textbook examples because of its simplicity and as a counterexample to various things, but I doubt those count as practical. It's sometimes used as a prior, but that's not as a data model.]
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:30











  • $begingroup$
    I've seen some practical examples out of my field of studies, specifically for MCMC algorithm. Therefore I've been curious if it can be applied for finance or ML
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 7 at 9:32










  • $begingroup$
    When you say "for MCMC algorithm" do you mean instead "as a Bayesian prior" or do you mean "as a model for data in a Bayesian framework" or something else?
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:34











  • $begingroup$
    For computing hierarchical prior and reference prior.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 7 at 9:40






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Its use as a prior is because of the distribution's properties (in general, the aim is to give some kind of weakly informative prior); from the wording of the question I wouldn't have thought you meant to include priors. There's a somewhat related question here: What are the properties of a half Cauchy distribution?
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:59


















16














$begingroup$


Could anyone give me some practical examples of the Cauchy Distribution? What makes it so popular?










share|cite|improve this question












$endgroup$










  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I challenge the premise -- is it actually popular as a practical model*? (If it is, how do you know, outside of seeing practical examples already?) ... $:$ *[It's widely used in textbook examples because of its simplicity and as a counterexample to various things, but I doubt those count as practical. It's sometimes used as a prior, but that's not as a data model.]
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:30











  • $begingroup$
    I've seen some practical examples out of my field of studies, specifically for MCMC algorithm. Therefore I've been curious if it can be applied for finance or ML
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 7 at 9:32










  • $begingroup$
    When you say "for MCMC algorithm" do you mean instead "as a Bayesian prior" or do you mean "as a model for data in a Bayesian framework" or something else?
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:34











  • $begingroup$
    For computing hierarchical prior and reference prior.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 7 at 9:40






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Its use as a prior is because of the distribution's properties (in general, the aim is to give some kind of weakly informative prior); from the wording of the question I wouldn't have thought you meant to include priors. There's a somewhat related question here: What are the properties of a half Cauchy distribution?
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:59














16












16








16


8



$begingroup$


Could anyone give me some practical examples of the Cauchy Distribution? What makes it so popular?










share|cite|improve this question












$endgroup$




Could anyone give me some practical examples of the Cauchy Distribution? What makes it so popular?







distributions continuous-data cauchy






share|cite|improve this question
















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Jul 8 at 14:34


























community wiki





Maria Lavrovskaya











  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I challenge the premise -- is it actually popular as a practical model*? (If it is, how do you know, outside of seeing practical examples already?) ... $:$ *[It's widely used in textbook examples because of its simplicity and as a counterexample to various things, but I doubt those count as practical. It's sometimes used as a prior, but that's not as a data model.]
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:30











  • $begingroup$
    I've seen some practical examples out of my field of studies, specifically for MCMC algorithm. Therefore I've been curious if it can be applied for finance or ML
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 7 at 9:32










  • $begingroup$
    When you say "for MCMC algorithm" do you mean instead "as a Bayesian prior" or do you mean "as a model for data in a Bayesian framework" or something else?
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:34











  • $begingroup$
    For computing hierarchical prior and reference prior.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 7 at 9:40






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Its use as a prior is because of the distribution's properties (in general, the aim is to give some kind of weakly informative prior); from the wording of the question I wouldn't have thought you meant to include priors. There's a somewhat related question here: What are the properties of a half Cauchy distribution?
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:59













  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I challenge the premise -- is it actually popular as a practical model*? (If it is, how do you know, outside of seeing practical examples already?) ... $:$ *[It's widely used in textbook examples because of its simplicity and as a counterexample to various things, but I doubt those count as practical. It's sometimes used as a prior, but that's not as a data model.]
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:30











  • $begingroup$
    I've seen some practical examples out of my field of studies, specifically for MCMC algorithm. Therefore I've been curious if it can be applied for finance or ML
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 7 at 9:32










  • $begingroup$
    When you say "for MCMC algorithm" do you mean instead "as a Bayesian prior" or do you mean "as a model for data in a Bayesian framework" or something else?
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:34











  • $begingroup$
    For computing hierarchical prior and reference prior.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 7 at 9:40






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Its use as a prior is because of the distribution's properties (in general, the aim is to give some kind of weakly informative prior); from the wording of the question I wouldn't have thought you meant to include priors. There's a somewhat related question here: What are the properties of a half Cauchy distribution?
    $endgroup$
    – Glen_b
    Jul 7 at 9:59








3




3




$begingroup$
I challenge the premise -- is it actually popular as a practical model*? (If it is, how do you know, outside of seeing practical examples already?) ... $:$ *[It's widely used in textbook examples because of its simplicity and as a counterexample to various things, but I doubt those count as practical. It's sometimes used as a prior, but that's not as a data model.]
$endgroup$
– Glen_b
Jul 7 at 9:30





$begingroup$
I challenge the premise -- is it actually popular as a practical model*? (If it is, how do you know, outside of seeing practical examples already?) ... $:$ *[It's widely used in textbook examples because of its simplicity and as a counterexample to various things, but I doubt those count as practical. It's sometimes used as a prior, but that's not as a data model.]
$endgroup$
– Glen_b
Jul 7 at 9:30













$begingroup$
I've seen some practical examples out of my field of studies, specifically for MCMC algorithm. Therefore I've been curious if it can be applied for finance or ML
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 7 at 9:32




$begingroup$
I've seen some practical examples out of my field of studies, specifically for MCMC algorithm. Therefore I've been curious if it can be applied for finance or ML
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 7 at 9:32












$begingroup$
When you say "for MCMC algorithm" do you mean instead "as a Bayesian prior" or do you mean "as a model for data in a Bayesian framework" or something else?
$endgroup$
– Glen_b
Jul 7 at 9:34





$begingroup$
When you say "for MCMC algorithm" do you mean instead "as a Bayesian prior" or do you mean "as a model for data in a Bayesian framework" or something else?
$endgroup$
– Glen_b
Jul 7 at 9:34













$begingroup$
For computing hierarchical prior and reference prior.
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 7 at 9:40




$begingroup$
For computing hierarchical prior and reference prior.
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 7 at 9:40




2




2




$begingroup$
Its use as a prior is because of the distribution's properties (in general, the aim is to give some kind of weakly informative prior); from the wording of the question I wouldn't have thought you meant to include priors. There's a somewhat related question here: What are the properties of a half Cauchy distribution?
$endgroup$
– Glen_b
Jul 7 at 9:59





$begingroup$
Its use as a prior is because of the distribution's properties (in general, the aim is to give some kind of weakly informative prior); from the wording of the question I wouldn't have thought you meant to include priors. There's a somewhat related question here: What are the properties of a half Cauchy distribution?
$endgroup$
– Glen_b
Jul 7 at 9:59











2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















19
















$begingroup$

In addition to its usefulness in physics, the Cauchy distribution is commonly used in models in finance to represent deviations in returns from the predictive model. The reason for this is that practitioners in finance are wary of using models that have light-tailed distributions (e.g., the normal distribution) on their returns, and they generally prefer to go the other way and use a distribution with very heavy tails (e.g., the Cauchy). The history of finance is littered with catastrophic predictions based on models that did not have heavy enough tails in their distributions. The Cauchy distribution has sufficiently heavy tails that its moments do not exist, and so it is an ideal candidate to give an error term with extremely heavy tails.



Note that this issue of the fatness of tails in error terms in finance models was one of the main contents of the popular critique by Taleb (2007). In that book, Taleb points out instances where financial models have used the normal distribution for error terms, and he notes that this underestimates the true probability of extreme events, which are particularly important in finance. (In my view this book gives an exaggerated critique, since models using heavy-tailed deviations are in fact quite common in finance. In any case, the popularity of this book shows the importance of the issue.)






share|cite|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    Thank you, I highly appreciate your answer as I am familiar with the book. By the way, I am not sure if I understand this part of your sentence correctly " fatness of tails in error terms". Would you mind being more precise with that?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 14:39










  • $begingroup$
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…
    $endgroup$
    – 0xFEE1DEAD
    Jul 8 at 16:20










  • $begingroup$
    In this kind of general discussion, we do not have a specific tail property in mind, so precision in specifying the meaning of "fatness" or "heaviness" of the tails detracts from the generality. It is worth reviewing some characterisations of fat-tailed distributions and heavy-tailed distributions to see the kind of properties I have in mind.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 22:02










  • $begingroup$
    Could you explain what the precision means in the plain English? I mean, I do get that it’s inverse of variance, but I seek understanding why if we talk about priors, we get n0 in the denominator - the prior sample size.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 22:41










  • $begingroup$
    Without seeing the context of what you're talking about, what you ask is unclear. May I suggest that you pose this as a new question on this site, with all the relevant context given.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 23:36


















25
















$begingroup$

The standard Cauchy distribution is derived from the ratio of two independent Normal Distributions. If $X sim N(0,1)$, and $Y sim N(0,1)$, then $tfracXY sim operatornameCauchy(0,1)$.



The Cauchy distribution is important in physics (where it’s known as the Lorentz distribution) because it’s the solution to the differential equation describing forced resonance. In spectroscopy, it is the description of the shape of spectral lines which are subject to homogeneous broadening in which all atoms interact in the same way with the frequency range contained in the line shape.



Applications:



  • Used in mechanical and electrical theory, physical anthropology and
    measurement and calibration problems.


  • In physics it is called a Lorentzian distribution, where it is the
    distribution of the energy of an unstable state in quantum mechanics.


  • Also used to model the points of impact of a fixed straight line of
    particles emitted from a point source.


Source.






share|cite|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    Thank you. The first sentence is pretty helpful. I am quite far from the physics, could you give any examples considering finance or machine learning?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 6 at 20:51






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It's not really used in finance or machine learning (practically); it's used in physics (99.9% of the time). I suppose that if someone wanted to model the ratio between two independent, normally distributed variables in finance, they would use the Cauchy distribution.
    $endgroup$
    – Matthew Anderson
    Jul 6 at 20:53






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    A reason it could be useful in finance is that it has extremely heavy tails. It has no moments, so it doesn’t make sense to say that it has high kurtosis, but it is prone to extreme observations, both high and low.
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 21:06






  • 7




    $begingroup$
    It is used in machine learning, in particular as a prior distribution in Bayesian inference. In particular the half-Cauchy is used as a prior for certain scale variables.
    $endgroup$
    – Wayne
    Jul 6 at 21:42







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @Wayne Could you please give an example, maybe a reference?
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 22:21












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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









19
















$begingroup$

In addition to its usefulness in physics, the Cauchy distribution is commonly used in models in finance to represent deviations in returns from the predictive model. The reason for this is that practitioners in finance are wary of using models that have light-tailed distributions (e.g., the normal distribution) on their returns, and they generally prefer to go the other way and use a distribution with very heavy tails (e.g., the Cauchy). The history of finance is littered with catastrophic predictions based on models that did not have heavy enough tails in their distributions. The Cauchy distribution has sufficiently heavy tails that its moments do not exist, and so it is an ideal candidate to give an error term with extremely heavy tails.



Note that this issue of the fatness of tails in error terms in finance models was one of the main contents of the popular critique by Taleb (2007). In that book, Taleb points out instances where financial models have used the normal distribution for error terms, and he notes that this underestimates the true probability of extreme events, which are particularly important in finance. (In my view this book gives an exaggerated critique, since models using heavy-tailed deviations are in fact quite common in finance. In any case, the popularity of this book shows the importance of the issue.)






share|cite|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    Thank you, I highly appreciate your answer as I am familiar with the book. By the way, I am not sure if I understand this part of your sentence correctly " fatness of tails in error terms". Would you mind being more precise with that?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 14:39










  • $begingroup$
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…
    $endgroup$
    – 0xFEE1DEAD
    Jul 8 at 16:20










  • $begingroup$
    In this kind of general discussion, we do not have a specific tail property in mind, so precision in specifying the meaning of "fatness" or "heaviness" of the tails detracts from the generality. It is worth reviewing some characterisations of fat-tailed distributions and heavy-tailed distributions to see the kind of properties I have in mind.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 22:02










  • $begingroup$
    Could you explain what the precision means in the plain English? I mean, I do get that it’s inverse of variance, but I seek understanding why if we talk about priors, we get n0 in the denominator - the prior sample size.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 22:41










  • $begingroup$
    Without seeing the context of what you're talking about, what you ask is unclear. May I suggest that you pose this as a new question on this site, with all the relevant context given.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 23:36















19
















$begingroup$

In addition to its usefulness in physics, the Cauchy distribution is commonly used in models in finance to represent deviations in returns from the predictive model. The reason for this is that practitioners in finance are wary of using models that have light-tailed distributions (e.g., the normal distribution) on their returns, and they generally prefer to go the other way and use a distribution with very heavy tails (e.g., the Cauchy). The history of finance is littered with catastrophic predictions based on models that did not have heavy enough tails in their distributions. The Cauchy distribution has sufficiently heavy tails that its moments do not exist, and so it is an ideal candidate to give an error term with extremely heavy tails.



Note that this issue of the fatness of tails in error terms in finance models was one of the main contents of the popular critique by Taleb (2007). In that book, Taleb points out instances where financial models have used the normal distribution for error terms, and he notes that this underestimates the true probability of extreme events, which are particularly important in finance. (In my view this book gives an exaggerated critique, since models using heavy-tailed deviations are in fact quite common in finance. In any case, the popularity of this book shows the importance of the issue.)






share|cite|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    Thank you, I highly appreciate your answer as I am familiar with the book. By the way, I am not sure if I understand this part of your sentence correctly " fatness of tails in error terms". Would you mind being more precise with that?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 14:39










  • $begingroup$
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…
    $endgroup$
    – 0xFEE1DEAD
    Jul 8 at 16:20










  • $begingroup$
    In this kind of general discussion, we do not have a specific tail property in mind, so precision in specifying the meaning of "fatness" or "heaviness" of the tails detracts from the generality. It is worth reviewing some characterisations of fat-tailed distributions and heavy-tailed distributions to see the kind of properties I have in mind.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 22:02










  • $begingroup$
    Could you explain what the precision means in the plain English? I mean, I do get that it’s inverse of variance, but I seek understanding why if we talk about priors, we get n0 in the denominator - the prior sample size.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 22:41










  • $begingroup$
    Without seeing the context of what you're talking about, what you ask is unclear. May I suggest that you pose this as a new question on this site, with all the relevant context given.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 23:36













19














19










19







$begingroup$

In addition to its usefulness in physics, the Cauchy distribution is commonly used in models in finance to represent deviations in returns from the predictive model. The reason for this is that practitioners in finance are wary of using models that have light-tailed distributions (e.g., the normal distribution) on their returns, and they generally prefer to go the other way and use a distribution with very heavy tails (e.g., the Cauchy). The history of finance is littered with catastrophic predictions based on models that did not have heavy enough tails in their distributions. The Cauchy distribution has sufficiently heavy tails that its moments do not exist, and so it is an ideal candidate to give an error term with extremely heavy tails.



Note that this issue of the fatness of tails in error terms in finance models was one of the main contents of the popular critique by Taleb (2007). In that book, Taleb points out instances where financial models have used the normal distribution for error terms, and he notes that this underestimates the true probability of extreme events, which are particularly important in finance. (In my view this book gives an exaggerated critique, since models using heavy-tailed deviations are in fact quite common in finance. In any case, the popularity of this book shows the importance of the issue.)






share|cite|improve this answer












$endgroup$



In addition to its usefulness in physics, the Cauchy distribution is commonly used in models in finance to represent deviations in returns from the predictive model. The reason for this is that practitioners in finance are wary of using models that have light-tailed distributions (e.g., the normal distribution) on their returns, and they generally prefer to go the other way and use a distribution with very heavy tails (e.g., the Cauchy). The history of finance is littered with catastrophic predictions based on models that did not have heavy enough tails in their distributions. The Cauchy distribution has sufficiently heavy tails that its moments do not exist, and so it is an ideal candidate to give an error term with extremely heavy tails.



Note that this issue of the fatness of tails in error terms in finance models was one of the main contents of the popular critique by Taleb (2007). In that book, Taleb points out instances where financial models have used the normal distribution for error terms, and he notes that this underestimates the true probability of extreme events, which are particularly important in finance. (In my view this book gives an exaggerated critique, since models using heavy-tailed deviations are in fact quite common in finance. In any case, the popularity of this book shows the importance of the issue.)







share|cite|improve this answer















share|cite|improve this answer




share|cite|improve this answer








edited Aug 11 at 2:55


























community wiki





Reinstate Monica















  • $begingroup$
    Thank you, I highly appreciate your answer as I am familiar with the book. By the way, I am not sure if I understand this part of your sentence correctly " fatness of tails in error terms". Would you mind being more precise with that?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 14:39










  • $begingroup$
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…
    $endgroup$
    – 0xFEE1DEAD
    Jul 8 at 16:20










  • $begingroup$
    In this kind of general discussion, we do not have a specific tail property in mind, so precision in specifying the meaning of "fatness" or "heaviness" of the tails detracts from the generality. It is worth reviewing some characterisations of fat-tailed distributions and heavy-tailed distributions to see the kind of properties I have in mind.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 22:02










  • $begingroup$
    Could you explain what the precision means in the plain English? I mean, I do get that it’s inverse of variance, but I seek understanding why if we talk about priors, we get n0 in the denominator - the prior sample size.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 22:41










  • $begingroup$
    Without seeing the context of what you're talking about, what you ask is unclear. May I suggest that you pose this as a new question on this site, with all the relevant context given.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 23:36
















  • $begingroup$
    Thank you, I highly appreciate your answer as I am familiar with the book. By the way, I am not sure if I understand this part of your sentence correctly " fatness of tails in error terms". Would you mind being more precise with that?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 14:39










  • $begingroup$
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…
    $endgroup$
    – 0xFEE1DEAD
    Jul 8 at 16:20










  • $begingroup$
    In this kind of general discussion, we do not have a specific tail property in mind, so precision in specifying the meaning of "fatness" or "heaviness" of the tails detracts from the generality. It is worth reviewing some characterisations of fat-tailed distributions and heavy-tailed distributions to see the kind of properties I have in mind.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 22:02










  • $begingroup$
    Could you explain what the precision means in the plain English? I mean, I do get that it’s inverse of variance, but I seek understanding why if we talk about priors, we get n0 in the denominator - the prior sample size.
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 8 at 22:41










  • $begingroup$
    Without seeing the context of what you're talking about, what you ask is unclear. May I suggest that you pose this as a new question on this site, with all the relevant context given.
    $endgroup$
    – Reinstate Monica
    Jul 8 at 23:36















$begingroup$
Thank you, I highly appreciate your answer as I am familiar with the book. By the way, I am not sure if I understand this part of your sentence correctly " fatness of tails in error terms". Would you mind being more precise with that?
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 8 at 14:39




$begingroup$
Thank you, I highly appreciate your answer as I am familiar with the book. By the way, I am not sure if I understand this part of your sentence correctly " fatness of tails in error terms". Would you mind being more precise with that?
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 8 at 14:39












$begingroup$
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…
$endgroup$
– 0xFEE1DEAD
Jul 8 at 16:20




$begingroup$
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/…
$endgroup$
– 0xFEE1DEAD
Jul 8 at 16:20












$begingroup$
In this kind of general discussion, we do not have a specific tail property in mind, so precision in specifying the meaning of "fatness" or "heaviness" of the tails detracts from the generality. It is worth reviewing some characterisations of fat-tailed distributions and heavy-tailed distributions to see the kind of properties I have in mind.
$endgroup$
– Reinstate Monica
Jul 8 at 22:02




$begingroup$
In this kind of general discussion, we do not have a specific tail property in mind, so precision in specifying the meaning of "fatness" or "heaviness" of the tails detracts from the generality. It is worth reviewing some characterisations of fat-tailed distributions and heavy-tailed distributions to see the kind of properties I have in mind.
$endgroup$
– Reinstate Monica
Jul 8 at 22:02












$begingroup$
Could you explain what the precision means in the plain English? I mean, I do get that it’s inverse of variance, but I seek understanding why if we talk about priors, we get n0 in the denominator - the prior sample size.
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 8 at 22:41




$begingroup$
Could you explain what the precision means in the plain English? I mean, I do get that it’s inverse of variance, but I seek understanding why if we talk about priors, we get n0 in the denominator - the prior sample size.
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 8 at 22:41












$begingroup$
Without seeing the context of what you're talking about, what you ask is unclear. May I suggest that you pose this as a new question on this site, with all the relevant context given.
$endgroup$
– Reinstate Monica
Jul 8 at 23:36




$begingroup$
Without seeing the context of what you're talking about, what you ask is unclear. May I suggest that you pose this as a new question on this site, with all the relevant context given.
$endgroup$
– Reinstate Monica
Jul 8 at 23:36













25
















$begingroup$

The standard Cauchy distribution is derived from the ratio of two independent Normal Distributions. If $X sim N(0,1)$, and $Y sim N(0,1)$, then $tfracXY sim operatornameCauchy(0,1)$.



The Cauchy distribution is important in physics (where it’s known as the Lorentz distribution) because it’s the solution to the differential equation describing forced resonance. In spectroscopy, it is the description of the shape of spectral lines which are subject to homogeneous broadening in which all atoms interact in the same way with the frequency range contained in the line shape.



Applications:



  • Used in mechanical and electrical theory, physical anthropology and
    measurement and calibration problems.


  • In physics it is called a Lorentzian distribution, where it is the
    distribution of the energy of an unstable state in quantum mechanics.


  • Also used to model the points of impact of a fixed straight line of
    particles emitted from a point source.


Source.






share|cite|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    Thank you. The first sentence is pretty helpful. I am quite far from the physics, could you give any examples considering finance or machine learning?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 6 at 20:51






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It's not really used in finance or machine learning (practically); it's used in physics (99.9% of the time). I suppose that if someone wanted to model the ratio between two independent, normally distributed variables in finance, they would use the Cauchy distribution.
    $endgroup$
    – Matthew Anderson
    Jul 6 at 20:53






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    A reason it could be useful in finance is that it has extremely heavy tails. It has no moments, so it doesn’t make sense to say that it has high kurtosis, but it is prone to extreme observations, both high and low.
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 21:06






  • 7




    $begingroup$
    It is used in machine learning, in particular as a prior distribution in Bayesian inference. In particular the half-Cauchy is used as a prior for certain scale variables.
    $endgroup$
    – Wayne
    Jul 6 at 21:42







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @Wayne Could you please give an example, maybe a reference?
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 22:21















25
















$begingroup$

The standard Cauchy distribution is derived from the ratio of two independent Normal Distributions. If $X sim N(0,1)$, and $Y sim N(0,1)$, then $tfracXY sim operatornameCauchy(0,1)$.



The Cauchy distribution is important in physics (where it’s known as the Lorentz distribution) because it’s the solution to the differential equation describing forced resonance. In spectroscopy, it is the description of the shape of spectral lines which are subject to homogeneous broadening in which all atoms interact in the same way with the frequency range contained in the line shape.



Applications:



  • Used in mechanical and electrical theory, physical anthropology and
    measurement and calibration problems.


  • In physics it is called a Lorentzian distribution, where it is the
    distribution of the energy of an unstable state in quantum mechanics.


  • Also used to model the points of impact of a fixed straight line of
    particles emitted from a point source.


Source.






share|cite|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    Thank you. The first sentence is pretty helpful. I am quite far from the physics, could you give any examples considering finance or machine learning?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 6 at 20:51






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It's not really used in finance or machine learning (practically); it's used in physics (99.9% of the time). I suppose that if someone wanted to model the ratio between two independent, normally distributed variables in finance, they would use the Cauchy distribution.
    $endgroup$
    – Matthew Anderson
    Jul 6 at 20:53






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    A reason it could be useful in finance is that it has extremely heavy tails. It has no moments, so it doesn’t make sense to say that it has high kurtosis, but it is prone to extreme observations, both high and low.
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 21:06






  • 7




    $begingroup$
    It is used in machine learning, in particular as a prior distribution in Bayesian inference. In particular the half-Cauchy is used as a prior for certain scale variables.
    $endgroup$
    – Wayne
    Jul 6 at 21:42







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @Wayne Could you please give an example, maybe a reference?
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 22:21













25














25










25







$begingroup$

The standard Cauchy distribution is derived from the ratio of two independent Normal Distributions. If $X sim N(0,1)$, and $Y sim N(0,1)$, then $tfracXY sim operatornameCauchy(0,1)$.



The Cauchy distribution is important in physics (where it’s known as the Lorentz distribution) because it’s the solution to the differential equation describing forced resonance. In spectroscopy, it is the description of the shape of spectral lines which are subject to homogeneous broadening in which all atoms interact in the same way with the frequency range contained in the line shape.



Applications:



  • Used in mechanical and electrical theory, physical anthropology and
    measurement and calibration problems.


  • In physics it is called a Lorentzian distribution, where it is the
    distribution of the energy of an unstable state in quantum mechanics.


  • Also used to model the points of impact of a fixed straight line of
    particles emitted from a point source.


Source.






share|cite|improve this answer












$endgroup$



The standard Cauchy distribution is derived from the ratio of two independent Normal Distributions. If $X sim N(0,1)$, and $Y sim N(0,1)$, then $tfracXY sim operatornameCauchy(0,1)$.



The Cauchy distribution is important in physics (where it’s known as the Lorentz distribution) because it’s the solution to the differential equation describing forced resonance. In spectroscopy, it is the description of the shape of spectral lines which are subject to homogeneous broadening in which all atoms interact in the same way with the frequency range contained in the line shape.



Applications:



  • Used in mechanical and electrical theory, physical anthropology and
    measurement and calibration problems.


  • In physics it is called a Lorentzian distribution, where it is the
    distribution of the energy of an unstable state in quantum mechanics.


  • Also used to model the points of impact of a fixed straight line of
    particles emitted from a point source.


Source.







share|cite|improve this answer















share|cite|improve this answer




share|cite|improve this answer








edited Jul 7 at 23:38


























community wiki





Matthew Anderson















  • $begingroup$
    Thank you. The first sentence is pretty helpful. I am quite far from the physics, could you give any examples considering finance or machine learning?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 6 at 20:51






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It's not really used in finance or machine learning (practically); it's used in physics (99.9% of the time). I suppose that if someone wanted to model the ratio between two independent, normally distributed variables in finance, they would use the Cauchy distribution.
    $endgroup$
    – Matthew Anderson
    Jul 6 at 20:53






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    A reason it could be useful in finance is that it has extremely heavy tails. It has no moments, so it doesn’t make sense to say that it has high kurtosis, but it is prone to extreme observations, both high and low.
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 21:06






  • 7




    $begingroup$
    It is used in machine learning, in particular as a prior distribution in Bayesian inference. In particular the half-Cauchy is used as a prior for certain scale variables.
    $endgroup$
    – Wayne
    Jul 6 at 21:42







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @Wayne Could you please give an example, maybe a reference?
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 22:21
















  • $begingroup$
    Thank you. The first sentence is pretty helpful. I am quite far from the physics, could you give any examples considering finance or machine learning?
    $endgroup$
    – Maria Lavrovskaya
    Jul 6 at 20:51






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    It's not really used in finance or machine learning (practically); it's used in physics (99.9% of the time). I suppose that if someone wanted to model the ratio between two independent, normally distributed variables in finance, they would use the Cauchy distribution.
    $endgroup$
    – Matthew Anderson
    Jul 6 at 20:53






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    A reason it could be useful in finance is that it has extremely heavy tails. It has no moments, so it doesn’t make sense to say that it has high kurtosis, but it is prone to extreme observations, both high and low.
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 21:06






  • 7




    $begingroup$
    It is used in machine learning, in particular as a prior distribution in Bayesian inference. In particular the half-Cauchy is used as a prior for certain scale variables.
    $endgroup$
    – Wayne
    Jul 6 at 21:42







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @Wayne Could you please give an example, maybe a reference?
    $endgroup$
    – Dave
    Jul 6 at 22:21















$begingroup$
Thank you. The first sentence is pretty helpful. I am quite far from the physics, could you give any examples considering finance or machine learning?
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 6 at 20:51




$begingroup$
Thank you. The first sentence is pretty helpful. I am quite far from the physics, could you give any examples considering finance or machine learning?
$endgroup$
– Maria Lavrovskaya
Jul 6 at 20:51




2




2




$begingroup$
It's not really used in finance or machine learning (practically); it's used in physics (99.9% of the time). I suppose that if someone wanted to model the ratio between two independent, normally distributed variables in finance, they would use the Cauchy distribution.
$endgroup$
– Matthew Anderson
Jul 6 at 20:53




$begingroup$
It's not really used in finance or machine learning (practically); it's used in physics (99.9% of the time). I suppose that if someone wanted to model the ratio between two independent, normally distributed variables in finance, they would use the Cauchy distribution.
$endgroup$
– Matthew Anderson
Jul 6 at 20:53




2




2




$begingroup$
A reason it could be useful in finance is that it has extremely heavy tails. It has no moments, so it doesn’t make sense to say that it has high kurtosis, but it is prone to extreme observations, both high and low.
$endgroup$
– Dave
Jul 6 at 21:06




$begingroup$
A reason it could be useful in finance is that it has extremely heavy tails. It has no moments, so it doesn’t make sense to say that it has high kurtosis, but it is prone to extreme observations, both high and low.
$endgroup$
– Dave
Jul 6 at 21:06




7




7




$begingroup$
It is used in machine learning, in particular as a prior distribution in Bayesian inference. In particular the half-Cauchy is used as a prior for certain scale variables.
$endgroup$
– Wayne
Jul 6 at 21:42





$begingroup$
It is used in machine learning, in particular as a prior distribution in Bayesian inference. In particular the half-Cauchy is used as a prior for certain scale variables.
$endgroup$
– Wayne
Jul 6 at 21:42





2




2




$begingroup$
@Wayne Could you please give an example, maybe a reference?
$endgroup$
– Dave
Jul 6 at 22:21




$begingroup$
@Wayne Could you please give an example, maybe a reference?
$endgroup$
– Dave
Jul 6 at 22:21


















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