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Successful landings on the Moon happened 50 years ago. Technology (satellites, computer, ML) has come a long way during this time, so why did Israel and India fail recently to land a probe there?

Is the chance of successfully landing a manned mission higher than for a non-manned mission?

Does the US have some secret insight into landing on the Moon?

Does the US have some secret insight into landing on the moon?

Yes: fail early and often.

The US developed experience with uncrewed landings first, before attempting crewed landings in the Apollo program; those earlier programs had a very high failure rate.

The first US lunar spacecraft were in the Ranger program, which was simply attempting to hit the moon while taking photographs all the way down, and didn't achieve that goal until Ranger 7. The first two Rangers didn't even leave Earth orbit. Ranger 4 was completely inert after separation from its launcher, but it at least hit the moon.

Following Ranger was the Surveyor program, which attempted soft landings. Two out of seven of the US Surveyor missions crashed (#2 and #4).

By comparison, the ISRO lunar program has been very successful; the Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions both put spacecraft into lunar orbit, and the landing attempt of the latter came very close to succeeding. I haven't seen a thorough explanation of the landing failure, but my guess is that the root cause was a hardware fault.

Israel's Beresheet was likewise nearly successful, and this was the first spacecraft developed by that team. The failure in this case appears to have been a gyroscope sensor malfunction, which could happen to any spacecraft at any time, but in this case happened at a crucial moment in descent when there wasn't enough time to recover. There's nothing fundamentally wrong with the design, and the team didn't do anything wrong.

Is the chance of successfully landing a manned mission higher than for a non-manned mission?

I would say so, for three major reasons.

• The US went from uncrewed impact programs to uncrewed landing programs to crewed landing, and incorporated many hard lessons learned in the earlier programs. Anyone else contemplating a crewed lunar landing is very likely to take the same path.




• Crewed spacecraft and launchers are held to higher safety standards and provided with more redundant backup options in virtually all spacecraft systems.




• Automatic systems plus humans can solve many more critical problems than either automatics alone or humans alone; this finding was one of the most important results of the X-15 spaceplane program.

While engineering and available technologies have greatly advanced since the 50's and 60's, safely landing something on the moon is still a highly technical feat with a critically long list of potential failure points.

After a quick look at a list of moon missions, it appears that the US alone has had more launch failures than India and Israel's combined attempts.

When all a mission failure takes is to have a valve's response time in space being a handful of percentage out of spec, it becomes easy to see how a limited number of attempts might not add up to all that many successful missions...

The more launches you have, the more direct data you can gather, and the more collective knowledge and experience an organization has to draw on for future missions, which translates into fewer issues leading to critical mission losses.

"Technology (satellites, computer, ML) has come a long way during this time"

That may be true, but there's so much you can take with you! These modern rockets are nowhere close to the lifting capacity the Americans used. Which means you can't do the landing, stabilizing with so much brute force to keep your vehicle steady. The less weight is available to you, the less energy you can take with you. The less stabilizing you can do using sheer force, the more precise you have to control your landing. The more complicated routines needed, the more measurement and sensor technology to install. The more complex the programming, the more complex your systems, both hard- and software. The more complexity, the more can go wrong, etc.

Engineering with "unlimited" resources allowing you "a lot of energy" and "a lot of weight" allows the engineer to use more "raw" and "basic" solutions which is not comparable with high-tech engineering if you have only limited resources and limited power and limited weight-fuel.

To visualize this for those among you who are no engineers:

Imagine you have a water reservoir and the only task for the engineer and later operator is to either lock the reservoir or open it to drain the levels.

You basically just need one big switch: open or close.

Not much can go wrong there.

But now you add more tasks (only tasks to open up more or less without really interfering each other):

• Opening % based on demand of farmers needs down the river


• Open % based on demand of power production


• Open % based on demand for fresh water down the river

And now you're going to add more tasks that actually interfere with each other:
opening up more for farmers' needs, but the turbines produce more energy into the power grid, the energy into the power grid is based on voltage, current, and frequency, more water = higher frequency (a standard defines the boundaries between which frequencies it can variate). You're now getting to the maximum of that boundary, but farmers still need more water, so you have got to either limit the turbines or reroute water through different flows.

See what is going on here? The more complexity, the more switches needed, the more the engineer and operator have to consider.

And now I'm going to tell the engineer and operator additional tasks:

The original design the switch controlled a 1 meter radius water flow pipe with 1.5 cm stainless steel. But in the new design the engineer should limit the pipe to 0.3 meter and the thickness of the pipe to 0.4 cm and please below 350 kg per meter pipe. So steel is now out of the question, getting more complicated.

Also just opening one pipe for the operator might not do the trick. You need to handle a multitude of switches even for the same task based on the limits of weight, available flow, etc.

See how complex it is getting already with such an extreme simple comparison?

So just because the USA could do it with old technology and their extreme heavy lifting capacity doesn't mean you can copy it or do it easier just because you have more technology at hand, if at the same time you're going to do it with a lot more restrictions than US engineers had.

And the lifting weight for any space operation is the absolute most daunting restriction for any engineer in that field.

You could also put it this way: The secret insight of the US was to use the following procedure:

1. Be the richest country in the world.


2. Over an 8 year period, spend an amount equal to 4% of your GDP as of the year you started working.

The recent missions that didn't make it were operating on much lower budgets. The technological improvements were what allowed them to try at all.