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How do I list all packages that no package depends on?

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4

First, an introduction. I just found a development server with all kinds of GUI packages installed. I'd like to know why. Therefore, I'd like to know which software has been installed that requires X.

I can answer this by answering two closely related questions:

• How can I list all installed packages that no other package depends on?


• How can I list all installed packages that no other package depends on, and that, directly or indirectly, depend on a given package? (E.g., x11-common.)

For the first question, apt-mark showmanual is a useful approximation, but it may not be exactly right.

For the second question, what I'm using now postprocesses the apt-rdepends output to list only results for which no dependencies are listed that are listed as results.

Is this correct? Is there an easier way? I notice the result contains quite a few packages that aren't marked as manually installed.

I need this on Ubuntu 14.04, 16.04, and 18.04.

apt dependencies

share|improve this question

edited Apr 11 at 13:53

Reinier Post

asked Feb 1 at 13:35

Reinier PostReinier Post

18013

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Why not look at /var/log/apt? You should be able to see the install history there.
  
  – waltinator
  Feb 1 at 14:13
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  I don't want to pick logfiles apart by hand, I want those packages listed. Besides, by default, those logs don't last forever.
  
  – Reinier Post
  Feb 1 at 14:15
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  I'm not sure that "all installed packages that no other package depends on" is going to be a very useful list (it's going to include essential "top level" packages such as login for example) but I guess you could parse the output of aptitude why e.g. dpkg --get-selections | while read pkg status; do [[ "$status" == "install" ]] && grep '^Unable to find a reason'; ; done . It will be painfully slow (but you might not care, for a one-off).
  
  – steeldriver
  Feb 1 at 16:26
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Just an idea: Automatically installed packages that no other packages depends on, are removed as unused packages by aptitude, provided the options APT::Install-Recommends and APT::AutoRemove::RecommendsImportant are set to false. Or do you also want the manually installed packages that are not depended upon by any other package?
  
  – Stefan Hamcke
  Feb 1 at 16:50
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Basically, I want all software that was explicitly installed, rather than as a dependency of something else, even if that something else was installed later. I'm not sure just taking all packages resulting from apt-mark showmanual gives me that.
  
  – Reinier Post
  Apr 11 at 13:35
  
  

  
  
  
  

 | 
show 2 more comments

4

First, an introduction. I just found a development server with all kinds of GUI packages installed. I'd like to know why. Therefore, I'd like to know which software has been installed that requires X.

I can answer this by answering two closely related questions:

• How can I list all installed packages that no other package depends on?


• How can I list all installed packages that no other package depends on, and that, directly or indirectly, depend on a given package? (E.g., x11-common.)

For the first question, apt-mark showmanual is a useful approximation, but it may not be exactly right.

For the second question, what I'm using now postprocesses the apt-rdepends output to list only results for which no dependencies are listed that are listed as results.

Is this correct? Is there an easier way? I notice the result contains quite a few packages that aren't marked as manually installed.

I need this on Ubuntu 14.04, 16.04, and 18.04.

apt dependencies

share|improve this question

edited Apr 11 at 13:53

Reinier Post

asked Feb 1 at 13:35

Reinier PostReinier Post

18013

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Why not look at /var/log/apt? You should be able to see the install history there.
  
  – waltinator
  Feb 1 at 14:13
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  I don't want to pick logfiles apart by hand, I want those packages listed. Besides, by default, those logs don't last forever.
  
  – Reinier Post
  Feb 1 at 14:15
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  I'm not sure that "all installed packages that no other package depends on" is going to be a very useful list (it's going to include essential "top level" packages such as login for example) but I guess you could parse the output of aptitude why e.g. dpkg --get-selections | while read pkg status; do [[ "$status" == "install" ]] && grep '^Unable to find a reason'; ; done . It will be painfully slow (but you might not care, for a one-off).
  
  – steeldriver
  Feb 1 at 16:26
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Just an idea: Automatically installed packages that no other packages depends on, are removed as unused packages by aptitude, provided the options APT::Install-Recommends and APT::AutoRemove::RecommendsImportant are set to false. Or do you also want the manually installed packages that are not depended upon by any other package?
  
  – Stefan Hamcke
  Feb 1 at 16:50
  
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  Basically, I want all software that was explicitly installed, rather than as a dependency of something else, even if that something else was installed later. I'm not sure just taking all packages resulting from apt-mark showmanual gives me that.
  
  – Reinier Post
  Apr 11 at 13:35
  
  

  
  
  
  

 | 
show 2 more comments

First, an introduction. I just found a development server with all kinds of GUI packages installed. I'd like to know why. Therefore, I'd like to know which software has been installed that requires X.

I can answer this by answering two closely related questions:

• How can I list all installed packages that no other package depends on?


• How can I list all installed packages that no other package depends on, and that, directly or indirectly, depend on a given package? (E.g., x11-common.)

For the first question, apt-mark showmanual is a useful approximation, but it may not be exactly right.

For the second question, what I'm using now postprocesses the apt-rdepends output to list only results for which no dependencies are listed that are listed as results.

Is this correct? Is there an easier way? I notice the result contains quite a few packages that aren't marked as manually installed.

I need this on Ubuntu 14.04, 16.04, and 18.04.

apt dependencies

share|improve this question

edited Apr 11 at 13:53

Reinier Post

asked Feb 1 at 13:35

Reinier PostReinier Post

18013

share|improve this question

edited Apr 11 at 13:53

Reinier Post

asked Feb 1 at 13:35

Reinier PostReinier Post

18013

share|improve this question

edited Apr 11 at 13:53

Reinier Post

asked Feb 1 at 13:35

Reinier PostReinier Post

18013

asked Feb 1 at 13:35

Reinier PostReinier Post

18013

asked Feb 1 at 13:35

Reinier PostReinier Post

18013