Imbalanced dataset binary classification The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InAre unbalanced datasets problematic, and (how) does oversampling (purport to) help?Imbalanced data classification using boosting algorithmsBinary classification in imbalanced dataClassification algorithms for handling Imbalanced data setsWhat is the effect of training a model on an imbalanced dataset & using it on a balanced dataset?imbalanced binary classification with skewed featuresCross validation and imbalanced learningimbalanced datasetcross validation gives wrong resultsData augmentation or weighted loss function for imbalanced classes?Handling imbalanced data for classification

What does "fetching by region is not available for SAM files" means?

Can a flute soloist sit?

A poker game description that does not feel gimmicky

Did Scotland spend $250,000 for the slogan "Welcome to Scotland"?

Can we generate random numbers using irrational numbers like π and e?

Earliest use of the term "Galois extension"?

Can a rogue use sneak attack with weapons that have the thrown property even if they are not thrown?

How can I autofill dates in Excel excluding Sunday?

Right tool to dig six foot holes?

If a Druid sees an animal’s corpse, can they wild shape into that animal?

What did it mean to "align" a radio?

What does ひと匙 mean in this manga and has it been used colloquially?

FPGA - DIY Programming

Are there incongruent pythagorean triangles with the same perimeter and same area?

Return to UK after being refused entry years previously

STM32 programming and BOOT0 pin

Who coined the term "madman theory"?

Falsification in Math vs Science

Does a dangling wire really electrocute me if I'm standing in water?

Can someone be penalized for an "unlawful" act if no penalty is specified?

Why did Acorn's A3000 have red function keys?

"as much details as you can remember"

What is the closest word meaning "respect for time / mindful"

Output the Arecibo Message



Imbalanced dataset binary classification



The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are InAre unbalanced datasets problematic, and (how) does oversampling (purport to) help?Imbalanced data classification using boosting algorithmsBinary classification in imbalanced dataClassification algorithms for handling Imbalanced data setsWhat is the effect of training a model on an imbalanced dataset & using it on a balanced dataset?imbalanced binary classification with skewed featuresCross validation and imbalanced learningimbalanced datasetcross validation gives wrong resultsData augmentation or weighted loss function for imbalanced classes?Handling imbalanced data for classification



.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;








2












$begingroup$


I am new in ML & DS and i have a dataset with an imbalance of 9:1 for Binary Classification,as an assignment. Could you please guide me in this regard? Also Which classifier is best for Imbalanced Binary Classification?



Regrds.










share|cite|improve this question







New contributor




Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    Related: Are unbalanced datasets problematic, and (how) does oversampling (purport to) help?
    $endgroup$
    – Stephan Kolassa
    2 days ago

















2












$begingroup$


I am new in ML & DS and i have a dataset with an imbalance of 9:1 for Binary Classification,as an assignment. Could you please guide me in this regard? Also Which classifier is best for Imbalanced Binary Classification?



Regrds.










share|cite|improve this question







New contributor




Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    Related: Are unbalanced datasets problematic, and (how) does oversampling (purport to) help?
    $endgroup$
    – Stephan Kolassa
    2 days ago













2












2








2





$begingroup$


I am new in ML & DS and i have a dataset with an imbalance of 9:1 for Binary Classification,as an assignment. Could you please guide me in this regard? Also Which classifier is best for Imbalanced Binary Classification?



Regrds.










share|cite|improve this question







New contributor




Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.







$endgroup$




I am new in ML & DS and i have a dataset with an imbalance of 9:1 for Binary Classification,as an assignment. Could you please guide me in this regard? Also Which classifier is best for Imbalanced Binary Classification?



Regrds.







machine-learning classification binary-data unbalanced-classes






share|cite|improve this question







New contributor




Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











share|cite|improve this question







New contributor




Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question






New contributor




Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









asked 2 days ago









Sid_MirzaSid_Mirza

112




112




New contributor




Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





New contributor





Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






Sid_Mirza is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











  • $begingroup$
    Related: Are unbalanced datasets problematic, and (how) does oversampling (purport to) help?
    $endgroup$
    – Stephan Kolassa
    2 days ago
















  • $begingroup$
    Related: Are unbalanced datasets problematic, and (how) does oversampling (purport to) help?
    $endgroup$
    – Stephan Kolassa
    2 days ago















$begingroup$
Related: Are unbalanced datasets problematic, and (how) does oversampling (purport to) help?
$endgroup$
– Stephan Kolassa
2 days ago




$begingroup$
Related: Are unbalanced datasets problematic, and (how) does oversampling (purport to) help?
$endgroup$
– Stephan Kolassa
2 days ago










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















6












$begingroup$

You got off on the wrong foot by conceptualizing this as a classification problem. The fact that $Y$ is binary has nothing to do with trying to make classifications. And when the balance of $Y$ is far from 1:1 you need to think about modeling tendencies for $Y$, not modeling $Y$. In other words, the appropriate task is to estimate $P(Y=1 | X)$ using a model such as the binary logistic regression model. The logistic model is a direct probability estimator. Details may be found here and here.



Once you have a validated probability model and a utility/cost/loss function you can generate optimum decisions. The probabilities help to trade off the consequences of wrong decisions.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Thanks Sir Frank Harrell, The dataset is in floating point values but the target is in binary form as you said 'Y'. i applied Linear Regression, Random Forests,Decision Tree and some ensemble methods but the Linear regression gave an AUC score of 78.2% whereas random forests and LightGBM performed better. Now i want to increase the AUC score. Here is the list of parameters i used for lgb:
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago











  • $begingroup$
    params = "objective" : "binary", "metric" : "auc", "boosting": 'gbdt', "max_depth" : -1, "num_leaves" : 13, "learning_rate" : 0.01, "bagging_freq": 5, "bagging_fraction" : 0.4, "feature_fraction" : 0.05, "min_data_in_leaf": 80, "min_sum_heassian_in_leaf": 10, "tree_learner": "serial", "boost_from_average": "false", "bagging_seed" : random_state, "verbosity" : 1, "seed": random_state
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago










  • $begingroup$
    Is the binary target a derivation from a floating point continuous outcome variable? If so you will need to go back to that variable and not use an information-losing dichotomization.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, all the 100+ attributes have continuous values on the basis of which, we have to classify the target in binary form either yes or no.
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    I assume by that you mean that the target originated as binary in its rawest form. You are still trying to cast the problem inappropriately as classification. You cannot do anything but estimate tendencies, nor should you. Once you have probability estimates you can make optimum decisions given the loss function.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    12 hours ago











Your Answer





StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function ()
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function ()
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix)
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
);
);
, "mathjax-editing");

StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "65"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);






Sid_Mirza is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









draft saved

draft discarded


















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstats.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f401800%2fimbalanced-dataset-binary-classification%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









6












$begingroup$

You got off on the wrong foot by conceptualizing this as a classification problem. The fact that $Y$ is binary has nothing to do with trying to make classifications. And when the balance of $Y$ is far from 1:1 you need to think about modeling tendencies for $Y$, not modeling $Y$. In other words, the appropriate task is to estimate $P(Y=1 | X)$ using a model such as the binary logistic regression model. The logistic model is a direct probability estimator. Details may be found here and here.



Once you have a validated probability model and a utility/cost/loss function you can generate optimum decisions. The probabilities help to trade off the consequences of wrong decisions.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Thanks Sir Frank Harrell, The dataset is in floating point values but the target is in binary form as you said 'Y'. i applied Linear Regression, Random Forests,Decision Tree and some ensemble methods but the Linear regression gave an AUC score of 78.2% whereas random forests and LightGBM performed better. Now i want to increase the AUC score. Here is the list of parameters i used for lgb:
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago











  • $begingroup$
    params = "objective" : "binary", "metric" : "auc", "boosting": 'gbdt', "max_depth" : -1, "num_leaves" : 13, "learning_rate" : 0.01, "bagging_freq": 5, "bagging_fraction" : 0.4, "feature_fraction" : 0.05, "min_data_in_leaf": 80, "min_sum_heassian_in_leaf": 10, "tree_learner": "serial", "boost_from_average": "false", "bagging_seed" : random_state, "verbosity" : 1, "seed": random_state
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago










  • $begingroup$
    Is the binary target a derivation from a floating point continuous outcome variable? If so you will need to go back to that variable and not use an information-losing dichotomization.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, all the 100+ attributes have continuous values on the basis of which, we have to classify the target in binary form either yes or no.
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    I assume by that you mean that the target originated as binary in its rawest form. You are still trying to cast the problem inappropriately as classification. You cannot do anything but estimate tendencies, nor should you. Once you have probability estimates you can make optimum decisions given the loss function.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    12 hours ago















6












$begingroup$

You got off on the wrong foot by conceptualizing this as a classification problem. The fact that $Y$ is binary has nothing to do with trying to make classifications. And when the balance of $Y$ is far from 1:1 you need to think about modeling tendencies for $Y$, not modeling $Y$. In other words, the appropriate task is to estimate $P(Y=1 | X)$ using a model such as the binary logistic regression model. The logistic model is a direct probability estimator. Details may be found here and here.



Once you have a validated probability model and a utility/cost/loss function you can generate optimum decisions. The probabilities help to trade off the consequences of wrong decisions.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Thanks Sir Frank Harrell, The dataset is in floating point values but the target is in binary form as you said 'Y'. i applied Linear Regression, Random Forests,Decision Tree and some ensemble methods but the Linear regression gave an AUC score of 78.2% whereas random forests and LightGBM performed better. Now i want to increase the AUC score. Here is the list of parameters i used for lgb:
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago











  • $begingroup$
    params = "objective" : "binary", "metric" : "auc", "boosting": 'gbdt', "max_depth" : -1, "num_leaves" : 13, "learning_rate" : 0.01, "bagging_freq": 5, "bagging_fraction" : 0.4, "feature_fraction" : 0.05, "min_data_in_leaf": 80, "min_sum_heassian_in_leaf": 10, "tree_learner": "serial", "boost_from_average": "false", "bagging_seed" : random_state, "verbosity" : 1, "seed": random_state
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago










  • $begingroup$
    Is the binary target a derivation from a floating point continuous outcome variable? If so you will need to go back to that variable and not use an information-losing dichotomization.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, all the 100+ attributes have continuous values on the basis of which, we have to classify the target in binary form either yes or no.
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    I assume by that you mean that the target originated as binary in its rawest form. You are still trying to cast the problem inappropriately as classification. You cannot do anything but estimate tendencies, nor should you. Once you have probability estimates you can make optimum decisions given the loss function.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    12 hours ago













6












6








6





$begingroup$

You got off on the wrong foot by conceptualizing this as a classification problem. The fact that $Y$ is binary has nothing to do with trying to make classifications. And when the balance of $Y$ is far from 1:1 you need to think about modeling tendencies for $Y$, not modeling $Y$. In other words, the appropriate task is to estimate $P(Y=1 | X)$ using a model such as the binary logistic regression model. The logistic model is a direct probability estimator. Details may be found here and here.



Once you have a validated probability model and a utility/cost/loss function you can generate optimum decisions. The probabilities help to trade off the consequences of wrong decisions.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$



You got off on the wrong foot by conceptualizing this as a classification problem. The fact that $Y$ is binary has nothing to do with trying to make classifications. And when the balance of $Y$ is far from 1:1 you need to think about modeling tendencies for $Y$, not modeling $Y$. In other words, the appropriate task is to estimate $P(Y=1 | X)$ using a model such as the binary logistic regression model. The logistic model is a direct probability estimator. Details may be found here and here.



Once you have a validated probability model and a utility/cost/loss function you can generate optimum decisions. The probabilities help to trade off the consequences of wrong decisions.







share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered 2 days ago









Frank HarrellFrank Harrell

55.9k3110245




55.9k3110245











  • $begingroup$
    Thanks Sir Frank Harrell, The dataset is in floating point values but the target is in binary form as you said 'Y'. i applied Linear Regression, Random Forests,Decision Tree and some ensemble methods but the Linear regression gave an AUC score of 78.2% whereas random forests and LightGBM performed better. Now i want to increase the AUC score. Here is the list of parameters i used for lgb:
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago











  • $begingroup$
    params = "objective" : "binary", "metric" : "auc", "boosting": 'gbdt', "max_depth" : -1, "num_leaves" : 13, "learning_rate" : 0.01, "bagging_freq": 5, "bagging_fraction" : 0.4, "feature_fraction" : 0.05, "min_data_in_leaf": 80, "min_sum_heassian_in_leaf": 10, "tree_learner": "serial", "boost_from_average": "false", "bagging_seed" : random_state, "verbosity" : 1, "seed": random_state
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago










  • $begingroup$
    Is the binary target a derivation from a floating point continuous outcome variable? If so you will need to go back to that variable and not use an information-losing dichotomization.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, all the 100+ attributes have continuous values on the basis of which, we have to classify the target in binary form either yes or no.
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    I assume by that you mean that the target originated as binary in its rawest form. You are still trying to cast the problem inappropriately as classification. You cannot do anything but estimate tendencies, nor should you. Once you have probability estimates you can make optimum decisions given the loss function.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    12 hours ago
















  • $begingroup$
    Thanks Sir Frank Harrell, The dataset is in floating point values but the target is in binary form as you said 'Y'. i applied Linear Regression, Random Forests,Decision Tree and some ensemble methods but the Linear regression gave an AUC score of 78.2% whereas random forests and LightGBM performed better. Now i want to increase the AUC score. Here is the list of parameters i used for lgb:
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago











  • $begingroup$
    params = "objective" : "binary", "metric" : "auc", "boosting": 'gbdt', "max_depth" : -1, "num_leaves" : 13, "learning_rate" : 0.01, "bagging_freq": 5, "bagging_fraction" : 0.4, "feature_fraction" : 0.05, "min_data_in_leaf": 80, "min_sum_heassian_in_leaf": 10, "tree_learner": "serial", "boost_from_average": "false", "bagging_seed" : random_state, "verbosity" : 1, "seed": random_state
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    2 days ago










  • $begingroup$
    Is the binary target a derivation from a floating point continuous outcome variable? If so you will need to go back to that variable and not use an information-losing dichotomization.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, all the 100+ attributes have continuous values on the basis of which, we have to classify the target in binary form either yes or no.
    $endgroup$
    – Sid_Mirza
    yesterday










  • $begingroup$
    I assume by that you mean that the target originated as binary in its rawest form. You are still trying to cast the problem inappropriately as classification. You cannot do anything but estimate tendencies, nor should you. Once you have probability estimates you can make optimum decisions given the loss function.
    $endgroup$
    – Frank Harrell
    12 hours ago















$begingroup$
Thanks Sir Frank Harrell, The dataset is in floating point values but the target is in binary form as you said 'Y'. i applied Linear Regression, Random Forests,Decision Tree and some ensemble methods but the Linear regression gave an AUC score of 78.2% whereas random forests and LightGBM performed better. Now i want to increase the AUC score. Here is the list of parameters i used for lgb:
$endgroup$
– Sid_Mirza
2 days ago





$begingroup$
Thanks Sir Frank Harrell, The dataset is in floating point values but the target is in binary form as you said 'Y'. i applied Linear Regression, Random Forests,Decision Tree and some ensemble methods but the Linear regression gave an AUC score of 78.2% whereas random forests and LightGBM performed better. Now i want to increase the AUC score. Here is the list of parameters i used for lgb:
$endgroup$
– Sid_Mirza
2 days ago













$begingroup$
params = "objective" : "binary", "metric" : "auc", "boosting": 'gbdt', "max_depth" : -1, "num_leaves" : 13, "learning_rate" : 0.01, "bagging_freq": 5, "bagging_fraction" : 0.4, "feature_fraction" : 0.05, "min_data_in_leaf": 80, "min_sum_heassian_in_leaf": 10, "tree_learner": "serial", "boost_from_average": "false", "bagging_seed" : random_state, "verbosity" : 1, "seed": random_state
$endgroup$
– Sid_Mirza
2 days ago




$begingroup$
params = "objective" : "binary", "metric" : "auc", "boosting": 'gbdt', "max_depth" : -1, "num_leaves" : 13, "learning_rate" : 0.01, "bagging_freq": 5, "bagging_fraction" : 0.4, "feature_fraction" : 0.05, "min_data_in_leaf": 80, "min_sum_heassian_in_leaf": 10, "tree_learner": "serial", "boost_from_average": "false", "bagging_seed" : random_state, "verbosity" : 1, "seed": random_state
$endgroup$
– Sid_Mirza
2 days ago












$begingroup$
Is the binary target a derivation from a floating point continuous outcome variable? If so you will need to go back to that variable and not use an information-losing dichotomization.
$endgroup$
– Frank Harrell
yesterday




$begingroup$
Is the binary target a derivation from a floating point continuous outcome variable? If so you will need to go back to that variable and not use an information-losing dichotomization.
$endgroup$
– Frank Harrell
yesterday












$begingroup$
Yes, all the 100+ attributes have continuous values on the basis of which, we have to classify the target in binary form either yes or no.
$endgroup$
– Sid_Mirza
yesterday




$begingroup$
Yes, all the 100+ attributes have continuous values on the basis of which, we have to classify the target in binary form either yes or no.
$endgroup$
– Sid_Mirza
yesterday












$begingroup$
I assume by that you mean that the target originated as binary in its rawest form. You are still trying to cast the problem inappropriately as classification. You cannot do anything but estimate tendencies, nor should you. Once you have probability estimates you can make optimum decisions given the loss function.
$endgroup$
– Frank Harrell
12 hours ago




$begingroup$
I assume by that you mean that the target originated as binary in its rawest form. You are still trying to cast the problem inappropriately as classification. You cannot do anything but estimate tendencies, nor should you. Once you have probability estimates you can make optimum decisions given the loss function.
$endgroup$
– Frank Harrell
12 hours ago










Sid_Mirza is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









draft saved

draft discarded


















Sid_Mirza is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.












Sid_Mirza is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.











Sid_Mirza is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.














Thanks for contributing an answer to Cross Validated!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstats.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f401800%2fimbalanced-dataset-binary-classification%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

Distance measures on a map of a game The 2019 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results Are Inmin distance in a graphShortest distance path on contour plotHow to plot a tilted map?Finding points outside of a diskDelaunay link distanceAnnulus from GeoDisks: drawing a ring on a mapNegative Correlation DistanceFind distance along a path (GPS coordinates)Finding position at given distance in a GeoPathMathematics behind distance estimation using camera

How to get a smooth, uniform ParametricPlot of a 2D Region?How to plot a complicated Region?How to exclude a region from ParametricPlotHow discretize a region placing vertices on a specific non-uniform gridHow to transform a Plot or a ParametricPlot into a RegionHow can I get a smooth plot of a bounded region?Smooth ParametricPlot3D with RegionFunction?Smooth border of a region ParametricPlotSmooth region boundarySmooth region plot from list of pointsGet minimum y of a certain x in a region

Genealogie vun de Merowenger Vum Merowech bis zum Chilperich I. | Navigatiounsmenü