Do liquid propellant rocket engines experience thrust oscillation?Limiting factors of liquid rocket engine thrustProblems with the “How to Design, Build and Test Small Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engines” textHow do they know how much liquid propellant is in a rocket just before launch?Liquid propellant stored as solidCould a “nuclear turbo-jet” be built?

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Do liquid propellant rocket engines experience thrust oscillation?


Limiting factors of liquid rocket engine thrustProblems with the “How to Design, Build and Test Small Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engines” textHow do they know how much liquid propellant is in a rocket just before launch?Liquid propellant stored as solidCould a “nuclear turbo-jet” be built?






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty
margin-bottom:0;

.everyonelovesstackoverflowposition:absolute;height:1px;width:1px;opacity:0;top:0;left:0;pointer-events:none;








20















$begingroup$


I know SRBs have a quite bit of thrust oscillation, and it's pretty much part and parcel of burning solid propellant. Do liquid-propellant engines experience something similar albeit at a much smaller magnitude? If so what is the main cause of this constant small variation in thrust level? Is it because of the combustion process inside the bell? In Falcon 9 launches you often see photos like this
Falcon 9 exhaust
The streak patterns of the exhaust plume indicate there is at least some non-uniformity of the pressure and temperature field inside. I assume every liquid engine actually behaves like this, but it's only apparent on LOX/RP-1 engine because of soot acting like temperature indicator through the intensity of the glow for the pattern.










share|improve this question











$endgroup$










  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I think the vertical streaking is closely related to the physical arrangement of the fuel/oxidizer injectors and resulting flow patterns, but I'm not sure why I think that.
    $endgroup$
    – Russell Borogove
    Sep 17 at 22:15







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Agreed, and if it was perfectly mixed, you likely wouldn't see the streaking.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 18 at 0:01










  • $begingroup$
    If I find out that KSP streak patterns have changed in KSP2, I'm coming back to this question...
    $endgroup$
    – Erin B
    Sep 19 at 13:18

















20















$begingroup$


I know SRBs have a quite bit of thrust oscillation, and it's pretty much part and parcel of burning solid propellant. Do liquid-propellant engines experience something similar albeit at a much smaller magnitude? If so what is the main cause of this constant small variation in thrust level? Is it because of the combustion process inside the bell? In Falcon 9 launches you often see photos like this
Falcon 9 exhaust
The streak patterns of the exhaust plume indicate there is at least some non-uniformity of the pressure and temperature field inside. I assume every liquid engine actually behaves like this, but it's only apparent on LOX/RP-1 engine because of soot acting like temperature indicator through the intensity of the glow for the pattern.










share|improve this question











$endgroup$










  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I think the vertical streaking is closely related to the physical arrangement of the fuel/oxidizer injectors and resulting flow patterns, but I'm not sure why I think that.
    $endgroup$
    – Russell Borogove
    Sep 17 at 22:15







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Agreed, and if it was perfectly mixed, you likely wouldn't see the streaking.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 18 at 0:01










  • $begingroup$
    If I find out that KSP streak patterns have changed in KSP2, I'm coming back to this question...
    $endgroup$
    – Erin B
    Sep 19 at 13:18













20













20









20


2



$begingroup$


I know SRBs have a quite bit of thrust oscillation, and it's pretty much part and parcel of burning solid propellant. Do liquid-propellant engines experience something similar albeit at a much smaller magnitude? If so what is the main cause of this constant small variation in thrust level? Is it because of the combustion process inside the bell? In Falcon 9 launches you often see photos like this
Falcon 9 exhaust
The streak patterns of the exhaust plume indicate there is at least some non-uniformity of the pressure and temperature field inside. I assume every liquid engine actually behaves like this, but it's only apparent on LOX/RP-1 engine because of soot acting like temperature indicator through the intensity of the glow for the pattern.










share|improve this question











$endgroup$




I know SRBs have a quite bit of thrust oscillation, and it's pretty much part and parcel of burning solid propellant. Do liquid-propellant engines experience something similar albeit at a much smaller magnitude? If so what is the main cause of this constant small variation in thrust level? Is it because of the combustion process inside the bell? In Falcon 9 launches you often see photos like this
Falcon 9 exhaust
The streak patterns of the exhaust plume indicate there is at least some non-uniformity of the pressure and temperature field inside. I assume every liquid engine actually behaves like this, but it's only apparent on LOX/RP-1 engine because of soot acting like temperature indicator through the intensity of the glow for the pattern.







rockets liquid-fuel exhaust






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Sep 18 at 12:13









Machavity

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asked Sep 17 at 20:40









Meatball PrincessMeatball Princess

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  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I think the vertical streaking is closely related to the physical arrangement of the fuel/oxidizer injectors and resulting flow patterns, but I'm not sure why I think that.
    $endgroup$
    – Russell Borogove
    Sep 17 at 22:15







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Agreed, and if it was perfectly mixed, you likely wouldn't see the streaking.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 18 at 0:01










  • $begingroup$
    If I find out that KSP streak patterns have changed in KSP2, I'm coming back to this question...
    $endgroup$
    – Erin B
    Sep 19 at 13:18












  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I think the vertical streaking is closely related to the physical arrangement of the fuel/oxidizer injectors and resulting flow patterns, but I'm not sure why I think that.
    $endgroup$
    – Russell Borogove
    Sep 17 at 22:15







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Agreed, and if it was perfectly mixed, you likely wouldn't see the streaking.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 18 at 0:01










  • $begingroup$
    If I find out that KSP streak patterns have changed in KSP2, I'm coming back to this question...
    $endgroup$
    – Erin B
    Sep 19 at 13:18







2




2




$begingroup$
I think the vertical streaking is closely related to the physical arrangement of the fuel/oxidizer injectors and resulting flow patterns, but I'm not sure why I think that.
$endgroup$
– Russell Borogove
Sep 17 at 22:15





$begingroup$
I think the vertical streaking is closely related to the physical arrangement of the fuel/oxidizer injectors and resulting flow patterns, but I'm not sure why I think that.
$endgroup$
– Russell Borogove
Sep 17 at 22:15





2




2




$begingroup$
Agreed, and if it was perfectly mixed, you likely wouldn't see the streaking.
$endgroup$
– Organic Marble
Sep 18 at 0:01




$begingroup$
Agreed, and if it was perfectly mixed, you likely wouldn't see the streaking.
$endgroup$
– Organic Marble
Sep 18 at 0:01












$begingroup$
If I find out that KSP streak patterns have changed in KSP2, I'm coming back to this question...
$endgroup$
– Erin B
Sep 19 at 13:18




$begingroup$
If I find out that KSP streak patterns have changed in KSP2, I'm coming back to this question...
$endgroup$
– Erin B
Sep 19 at 13:18










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















30

















$begingroup$

Yes, in liquid engines this phenomenon is called "rough combustion".



Sutton (4th edition) says




Combustion that gives pressure fluctuations greater than about +/- 5%
of the mean pressure at a chamber wall location and which occur at
completely random intervals is called rough combustion.




enter image description here



It's different from "combustion instability" defined as activity which




displays organized oscillations ocurring at well-defined intervals
with a pressure peak that may be maintained, may increase, or may die
out.




pp. 257 - 259



The streak patterns you mention are more likely due to non-uniform mixing resulting in slight variations in local mixture ratio, than due to rough combustion, IMHO.






share|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    F1s had problems with non-uniform mixing (combustion instability) behind the single injector plate, so not technically in the bell. Source: Apollo's Daring Mission (~14 min. in). Solved by adding baffles before the plate so that it was more like the individual nozzles found on V2s.
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Sep 19 at 4:45


















13

















$begingroup$

In addition to the "rough combustion" that Organic Marble mentions, liquid engines also characteristically suffer from pogo oscillation. This is the phenomenon in which the thrust causes acceleration of the rocket, which changes the flow of propellant in the lines fuel and oxidizer lines, which then causes a change in the thrust, which is now a loop.



Pogo oscillation was a major problem in the development of the Saturn rockets, and I believe the Jupiters before them.



enter image description here






share|improve this answer












$endgroup$










  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I see figures of up to 34g oscillation at 16Hz (zero-to-peak, at the engine's mount point). This would make for a VERY uncomfortable ride.
    $endgroup$
    – jeffB
    Sep 18 at 17:13






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Titan (ICBM) boosters used in the Gemini program had some serious (i.e., destructive) pogo oscillations in their initial flight tests. Fortunately the were largely resolved before the rockets were carrying human passengers.
    $endgroup$
    – FKEinternet
    Sep 18 at 21:57










  • $begingroup$
    What methods can be used to prevent it?
    $endgroup$
    – DrMcCleod
    Sep 19 at 11:17










  • $begingroup$
    @DrMcCleod: I know that the Saturns were fixed by making the thrust plate more rigid. I'm not sure about general solutions to the problem, though. There are some rocket scientists who frequent this site, I hope they chime in.
    $endgroup$
    – dotancohen
    Sep 19 at 13:15






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Space Shuttle Main Engine had a "pogo accumulator" built in, a pressurized volume connected to the LOX feedline which helped to damp out oscillations.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 29 at 23:04












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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









30

















$begingroup$

Yes, in liquid engines this phenomenon is called "rough combustion".



Sutton (4th edition) says




Combustion that gives pressure fluctuations greater than about +/- 5%
of the mean pressure at a chamber wall location and which occur at
completely random intervals is called rough combustion.




enter image description here



It's different from "combustion instability" defined as activity which




displays organized oscillations ocurring at well-defined intervals
with a pressure peak that may be maintained, may increase, or may die
out.




pp. 257 - 259



The streak patterns you mention are more likely due to non-uniform mixing resulting in slight variations in local mixture ratio, than due to rough combustion, IMHO.






share|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    F1s had problems with non-uniform mixing (combustion instability) behind the single injector plate, so not technically in the bell. Source: Apollo's Daring Mission (~14 min. in). Solved by adding baffles before the plate so that it was more like the individual nozzles found on V2s.
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Sep 19 at 4:45















30

















$begingroup$

Yes, in liquid engines this phenomenon is called "rough combustion".



Sutton (4th edition) says




Combustion that gives pressure fluctuations greater than about +/- 5%
of the mean pressure at a chamber wall location and which occur at
completely random intervals is called rough combustion.




enter image description here



It's different from "combustion instability" defined as activity which




displays organized oscillations ocurring at well-defined intervals
with a pressure peak that may be maintained, may increase, or may die
out.




pp. 257 - 259



The streak patterns you mention are more likely due to non-uniform mixing resulting in slight variations in local mixture ratio, than due to rough combustion, IMHO.






share|improve this answer












$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    F1s had problems with non-uniform mixing (combustion instability) behind the single injector plate, so not technically in the bell. Source: Apollo's Daring Mission (~14 min. in). Solved by adding baffles before the plate so that it was more like the individual nozzles found on V2s.
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Sep 19 at 4:45













30















30











30







$begingroup$

Yes, in liquid engines this phenomenon is called "rough combustion".



Sutton (4th edition) says




Combustion that gives pressure fluctuations greater than about +/- 5%
of the mean pressure at a chamber wall location and which occur at
completely random intervals is called rough combustion.




enter image description here



It's different from "combustion instability" defined as activity which




displays organized oscillations ocurring at well-defined intervals
with a pressure peak that may be maintained, may increase, or may die
out.




pp. 257 - 259



The streak patterns you mention are more likely due to non-uniform mixing resulting in slight variations in local mixture ratio, than due to rough combustion, IMHO.






share|improve this answer












$endgroup$



Yes, in liquid engines this phenomenon is called "rough combustion".



Sutton (4th edition) says




Combustion that gives pressure fluctuations greater than about +/- 5%
of the mean pressure at a chamber wall location and which occur at
completely random intervals is called rough combustion.




enter image description here



It's different from "combustion instability" defined as activity which




displays organized oscillations ocurring at well-defined intervals
with a pressure peak that may be maintained, may increase, or may die
out.




pp. 257 - 259



The streak patterns you mention are more likely due to non-uniform mixing resulting in slight variations in local mixture ratio, than due to rough combustion, IMHO.







share|improve this answer















share|improve this answer




share|improve this answer








edited Sep 17 at 21:21

























answered Sep 17 at 21:16









Organic MarbleOrganic Marble

88.6k4 gold badges272 silver badges378 bronze badges




88.6k4 gold badges272 silver badges378 bronze badges














  • $begingroup$
    F1s had problems with non-uniform mixing (combustion instability) behind the single injector plate, so not technically in the bell. Source: Apollo's Daring Mission (~14 min. in). Solved by adding baffles before the plate so that it was more like the individual nozzles found on V2s.
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Sep 19 at 4:45
















  • $begingroup$
    F1s had problems with non-uniform mixing (combustion instability) behind the single injector plate, so not technically in the bell. Source: Apollo's Daring Mission (~14 min. in). Solved by adding baffles before the plate so that it was more like the individual nozzles found on V2s.
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Sep 19 at 4:45















$begingroup$
F1s had problems with non-uniform mixing (combustion instability) behind the single injector plate, so not technically in the bell. Source: Apollo's Daring Mission (~14 min. in). Solved by adding baffles before the plate so that it was more like the individual nozzles found on V2s.
$endgroup$
– Mazura
Sep 19 at 4:45




$begingroup$
F1s had problems with non-uniform mixing (combustion instability) behind the single injector plate, so not technically in the bell. Source: Apollo's Daring Mission (~14 min. in). Solved by adding baffles before the plate so that it was more like the individual nozzles found on V2s.
$endgroup$
– Mazura
Sep 19 at 4:45













13

















$begingroup$

In addition to the "rough combustion" that Organic Marble mentions, liquid engines also characteristically suffer from pogo oscillation. This is the phenomenon in which the thrust causes acceleration of the rocket, which changes the flow of propellant in the lines fuel and oxidizer lines, which then causes a change in the thrust, which is now a loop.



Pogo oscillation was a major problem in the development of the Saturn rockets, and I believe the Jupiters before them.



enter image description here






share|improve this answer












$endgroup$










  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I see figures of up to 34g oscillation at 16Hz (zero-to-peak, at the engine's mount point). This would make for a VERY uncomfortable ride.
    $endgroup$
    – jeffB
    Sep 18 at 17:13






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Titan (ICBM) boosters used in the Gemini program had some serious (i.e., destructive) pogo oscillations in their initial flight tests. Fortunately the were largely resolved before the rockets were carrying human passengers.
    $endgroup$
    – FKEinternet
    Sep 18 at 21:57










  • $begingroup$
    What methods can be used to prevent it?
    $endgroup$
    – DrMcCleod
    Sep 19 at 11:17










  • $begingroup$
    @DrMcCleod: I know that the Saturns were fixed by making the thrust plate more rigid. I'm not sure about general solutions to the problem, though. There are some rocket scientists who frequent this site, I hope they chime in.
    $endgroup$
    – dotancohen
    Sep 19 at 13:15






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Space Shuttle Main Engine had a "pogo accumulator" built in, a pressurized volume connected to the LOX feedline which helped to damp out oscillations.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 29 at 23:04















13

















$begingroup$

In addition to the "rough combustion" that Organic Marble mentions, liquid engines also characteristically suffer from pogo oscillation. This is the phenomenon in which the thrust causes acceleration of the rocket, which changes the flow of propellant in the lines fuel and oxidizer lines, which then causes a change in the thrust, which is now a loop.



Pogo oscillation was a major problem in the development of the Saturn rockets, and I believe the Jupiters before them.



enter image description here






share|improve this answer












$endgroup$










  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I see figures of up to 34g oscillation at 16Hz (zero-to-peak, at the engine's mount point). This would make for a VERY uncomfortable ride.
    $endgroup$
    – jeffB
    Sep 18 at 17:13






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Titan (ICBM) boosters used in the Gemini program had some serious (i.e., destructive) pogo oscillations in their initial flight tests. Fortunately the were largely resolved before the rockets were carrying human passengers.
    $endgroup$
    – FKEinternet
    Sep 18 at 21:57










  • $begingroup$
    What methods can be used to prevent it?
    $endgroup$
    – DrMcCleod
    Sep 19 at 11:17










  • $begingroup$
    @DrMcCleod: I know that the Saturns were fixed by making the thrust plate more rigid. I'm not sure about general solutions to the problem, though. There are some rocket scientists who frequent this site, I hope they chime in.
    $endgroup$
    – dotancohen
    Sep 19 at 13:15






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Space Shuttle Main Engine had a "pogo accumulator" built in, a pressurized volume connected to the LOX feedline which helped to damp out oscillations.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 29 at 23:04













13















13











13







$begingroup$

In addition to the "rough combustion" that Organic Marble mentions, liquid engines also characteristically suffer from pogo oscillation. This is the phenomenon in which the thrust causes acceleration of the rocket, which changes the flow of propellant in the lines fuel and oxidizer lines, which then causes a change in the thrust, which is now a loop.



Pogo oscillation was a major problem in the development of the Saturn rockets, and I believe the Jupiters before them.



enter image description here






share|improve this answer












$endgroup$



In addition to the "rough combustion" that Organic Marble mentions, liquid engines also characteristically suffer from pogo oscillation. This is the phenomenon in which the thrust causes acceleration of the rocket, which changes the flow of propellant in the lines fuel and oxidizer lines, which then causes a change in the thrust, which is now a loop.



Pogo oscillation was a major problem in the development of the Saturn rockets, and I believe the Jupiters before them.



enter image description here







share|improve this answer















share|improve this answer




share|improve this answer








edited Sep 18 at 17:39









Russell Borogove

110k6 gold badges383 silver badges465 bronze badges




110k6 gold badges383 silver badges465 bronze badges










answered Sep 18 at 14:39









dotancohendotancohen

5,2272 gold badges16 silver badges44 bronze badges




5,2272 gold badges16 silver badges44 bronze badges










  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I see figures of up to 34g oscillation at 16Hz (zero-to-peak, at the engine's mount point). This would make for a VERY uncomfortable ride.
    $endgroup$
    – jeffB
    Sep 18 at 17:13






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Titan (ICBM) boosters used in the Gemini program had some serious (i.e., destructive) pogo oscillations in their initial flight tests. Fortunately the were largely resolved before the rockets were carrying human passengers.
    $endgroup$
    – FKEinternet
    Sep 18 at 21:57










  • $begingroup$
    What methods can be used to prevent it?
    $endgroup$
    – DrMcCleod
    Sep 19 at 11:17










  • $begingroup$
    @DrMcCleod: I know that the Saturns were fixed by making the thrust plate more rigid. I'm not sure about general solutions to the problem, though. There are some rocket scientists who frequent this site, I hope they chime in.
    $endgroup$
    – dotancohen
    Sep 19 at 13:15






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Space Shuttle Main Engine had a "pogo accumulator" built in, a pressurized volume connected to the LOX feedline which helped to damp out oscillations.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 29 at 23:04












  • 3




    $begingroup$
    I see figures of up to 34g oscillation at 16Hz (zero-to-peak, at the engine's mount point). This would make for a VERY uncomfortable ride.
    $endgroup$
    – jeffB
    Sep 18 at 17:13






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    The Titan (ICBM) boosters used in the Gemini program had some serious (i.e., destructive) pogo oscillations in their initial flight tests. Fortunately the were largely resolved before the rockets were carrying human passengers.
    $endgroup$
    – FKEinternet
    Sep 18 at 21:57










  • $begingroup$
    What methods can be used to prevent it?
    $endgroup$
    – DrMcCleod
    Sep 19 at 11:17










  • $begingroup$
    @DrMcCleod: I know that the Saturns were fixed by making the thrust plate more rigid. I'm not sure about general solutions to the problem, though. There are some rocket scientists who frequent this site, I hope they chime in.
    $endgroup$
    – dotancohen
    Sep 19 at 13:15






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Space Shuttle Main Engine had a "pogo accumulator" built in, a pressurized volume connected to the LOX feedline which helped to damp out oscillations.
    $endgroup$
    – Organic Marble
    Sep 29 at 23:04







3




3




$begingroup$
I see figures of up to 34g oscillation at 16Hz (zero-to-peak, at the engine's mount point). This would make for a VERY uncomfortable ride.
$endgroup$
– jeffB
Sep 18 at 17:13




$begingroup$
I see figures of up to 34g oscillation at 16Hz (zero-to-peak, at the engine's mount point). This would make for a VERY uncomfortable ride.
$endgroup$
– jeffB
Sep 18 at 17:13




1




1




$begingroup$
The Titan (ICBM) boosters used in the Gemini program had some serious (i.e., destructive) pogo oscillations in their initial flight tests. Fortunately the were largely resolved before the rockets were carrying human passengers.
$endgroup$
– FKEinternet
Sep 18 at 21:57




$begingroup$
The Titan (ICBM) boosters used in the Gemini program had some serious (i.e., destructive) pogo oscillations in their initial flight tests. Fortunately the were largely resolved before the rockets were carrying human passengers.
$endgroup$
– FKEinternet
Sep 18 at 21:57












$begingroup$
What methods can be used to prevent it?
$endgroup$
– DrMcCleod
Sep 19 at 11:17




$begingroup$
What methods can be used to prevent it?
$endgroup$
– DrMcCleod
Sep 19 at 11:17












$begingroup$
@DrMcCleod: I know that the Saturns were fixed by making the thrust plate more rigid. I'm not sure about general solutions to the problem, though. There are some rocket scientists who frequent this site, I hope they chime in.
$endgroup$
– dotancohen
Sep 19 at 13:15




$begingroup$
@DrMcCleod: I know that the Saturns were fixed by making the thrust plate more rigid. I'm not sure about general solutions to the problem, though. There are some rocket scientists who frequent this site, I hope they chime in.
$endgroup$
– dotancohen
Sep 19 at 13:15




1




1




$begingroup$
Space Shuttle Main Engine had a "pogo accumulator" built in, a pressurized volume connected to the LOX feedline which helped to damp out oscillations.
$endgroup$
– Organic Marble
Sep 29 at 23:04




$begingroup$
Space Shuttle Main Engine had a "pogo accumulator" built in, a pressurized volume connected to the LOX feedline which helped to damp out oscillations.
$endgroup$
– Organic Marble
Sep 29 at 23:04


















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